As there were a few people who requested a paper copy of the citation
survey results, I thought there might be some general interest, so I have
re-entered the material in machine-readable form. I haven't updated the
material as yet. I would be obliged if those with any interest could look
at the entry for their state (or any other state they know something about)
and let me know personally if there is anything to be added, changed, or
if there are just plain doubts about the accuracy. I'll keep an updated
copy on the W&L anonymous guest site.
Thanks.
John Doyle. Washington & Lee. doyle.j.p@p9955.wlu.edu
=====================================================
STATE LEGAL CITATION SYSTEMS:
CITATION AUTHORITY EXPECTED TO BE USED IN THE HIGHEST APPELLATE STATE COURTS
(Based on a 1985 survey of the highest
appellate courts of each state. Revised
by the author in March 1991)
ALABAMA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
ALASKA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
ARIZONA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
ARKANSAS SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
CALIFORNIA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Robert E. Formichi, California Style Manual, 2nd rev. ed.,
Sacramento: California Office of State Printing, 1976. 213p.
This manual is written by the Reporter of Decisions of the
California State Supreme Court, and is issued under approval
of the State Supreme Court as a handbook of legal style for
California courts and lawyers.
COLORADO SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
Uniform Citation Forms. approved for use in Colorado Supreme
Court opinions 5/3/84 (amended 5/17/84) 2p. Lists deviations
from the Harvard Bluebook for Colorado materials.
CONNECTICUT SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
In-house style sheet which closely parallels, but does not
follow in all instances, the Harvard Bluebook.
DELAWARE SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Counsel only
"[C]itations will be deemed to be in acceptable form if made in
accordance with the 'Uniform System of Citation' ...."
Delaware Supreme Court Rule, 14(g).
This rule deviates from the Bluebook form in requiring that
citations to state reporters should not be made where a
National Reporter Citation exists.
Judges only
No citations to state reporters should be made where a National
Reporter citation exists. Examples of unreported Delaware
opinions and orders.
Delaware Supreme Court Rule, 93(c).
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Citation Guidance Memorandum. revised December 1982, effective
January 1, 1983. 6p.
"Unless in conflict with anything in this memorandum, follow
'A Uniform System of Citation' ...."
Citation Guidance Memorandum, sec. 1.
FLORIDA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Florida Rules of Appellate Procedure, 9.800, gives examples of
citations to Florida material, and to federal court reports.
"All other citations shall be in the form prescribed by A
Uniform System of Citations ...."
Fla. R. App. P., 9.800(m).
Additional citation authority
Florida Style Manual, 19 Fl. St. U.L. Rev. 525 (1991).
GEORGIA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Counsel only
"Any enumerated error which is not supported by arguments or
citation of authority in the brief shall be deemed abandoned.
All citations of authority must be full and complete."
Georgia Supreme Court Rules, 45.
Additional citation authority
Leah F. Chanin, Reference Guide to Georgia Legal History and
Legal Research. Appendix V. Citation Forms. Charlottesville,
Va.: Michie, 1980. (with 1983 supplement).
HAWAII SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
Hawaii Rules of Appellate Procedure, 28(b)(1), requires that
the Table of Authorities in briefs, contain citations to "both
the official and the national reporter system."
IDAHO SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Judges only
Internal Rules of the Idaho Supreme Court, Rule 14(e), which
gives variations from the Bluebook for Idaho materials, also says:
"If not covered by rule or statute, citations shall be in
conformity with the current edition of 'A Uniform System of
Citation' ...."
ILLINOIS SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Illinois Supreme Court Rule, 341(d), prescribes pinpoint,
official reporter, textbook and statute citations.
Judges only
Style Manual for Illinois and Appellate Courts. Bloomington:
Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts, 1981. 52p.
INDIANA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Indiana Rules of Appellate Procedure, 8.2(B)
"It is recommened that when briefs contain references to
scholarly treatises, law journals, statutes, etc.,
citations should follow the form prescribed by the current
edition of the Harvard Citator."
Ind. R. App. P., 8.2(B)(2)
IOWA SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Iowa Rules of Appellate Procedure, 14(e), prescribes pinpoint,
official, unpublished opinion, text book and Code citations.
Judges only
Citation System and Format Guidebook. Des Moines, Iowa:
Supreme Court, 1984. 42p.
KANSAS SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
Appellate Reporter's Office Citation Manual
KENTUCKY SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure, 76.12(g) prescribes official
reporter, and Revised Statute citations.
LOUISIANA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Additional citation material
Louisiana Law Review. Citation Form Addendum. Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State University, 1983. 12p. (with 1p. amendment,
dated June 27, 1983)
MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT
Counsel and judges
Michael D. Seitzinger & Charles K. Leadbetter, Uniform Maine
Citations. Portland: Maine Law Review, 1983. v, 29p.
Harvard Bluebook.
MARYLAND COURT OF APPEALS
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
MASSACHUSETTS SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
MICHIGAN SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Michigan Uniform System of Citations, adopted by the Supreme Court,
October 4, 1971, Administrative Order No. 1971-3, 385 Mich. xxvi.
Additional citation material
Alterman, Plain and Accurate Style in Lawsuit Papers, 2 Cooley
L. Rev. 243 (1984).
John Doyle, Michigan Citation Manual. Buffalo, N.Y.: Wm. S.
Hein, 1986.
Rules of Citation. Proposed Michigan Court Rules, Subchapter
7.500, 402A Mich. 455 (1978).
Florence M. Telling & Marilyn A. Estes, Michigan Uniform System
of Citation. Rev. ed. Detroit: Legal Secretaries Association, 1982.
MINNESOTA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Additional citation material
Citation Manual. St. Paul: Minnesota Supreme Court, 1979.
MISSISSIPPI SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
MISSOURI SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Judges only
Internal memorandum on citation form (9/17/79). 12p. Closely
follows the Harvard Bluebook, but deviates in a few instances.
MONTANA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
NEBRASKA SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Nebraksa Supreme Court Rule, 9C(4) - (6)
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
NEVADA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
NEW HAMPSHIRE SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Supreme Court Rule 16(9), prescribes the form for case
citations.
Judges only
No expectation.
NEW JERSEY SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
Manual of Style. Rev. ed. Trenton, N.J.: Administrative
Office of the Courts, 1979. 15p.
NEW MEXICO SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
"Any consistent method or form which adequately identifies the
cited authority and aids the court may be used."
Crim. App. R. 501(e).
"All New Mexico decision shall be cited from the official
reports, with parallel citations if available. Other decisions
may be cited from either official or unofficial reports, parallel
citations being desired so far as available to the counsel.
Unofficial citations shall always identify the court rendering
the decision."
Civ. App. R. 9(j).
Judges only
Joseph E. Samora, A Comprehensive Manual for the Supreme Court
of New Mexico and the New Mexico Court of Appeals. 2nd ed.
Santa Fe: Supreme Court of New Mexico, 1984.
This manual in turn mandates following the Harvard
Bluebook, with a few minor variations which were suggested
by West Publishing Company.
NEW YORK COURT OF APPEALS
Counsel only
CPLR 5529(e) prescribes the form for case citations.
Judges only
Official New York Law Reports Style Manual. prepared by the Law
Reporting Bureau of the State of New York. New York, N.Y.: Lenz
& Rieker, 1985. 57p.
Additional citation material
New York Rules of Citation. Jamaica, N.Y.: St. John's Law
Review, 1978. 32p.
NORTH CAROLINA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
NORTH DAKOTA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
OHIO SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Manual of the Forms of Citation Used in the Ohio Official
Reports. Columbus: Supreme Court, 1985. 48p.
Additional citation material
Ohio Northern University Law Review. Style Manual. Ada: Ohio
Northern University Law Review, 1979. ix, 80p.
OKLAHOMA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
OREGON SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Harvard Bluebook.
Oregon Rules of Appellate Procedure. Appendix G.
Judges only
Appellate Court Style Manual. Salem: Administrative Office of
the Courts, 1984. 26p.
PENNSYLVANIA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual.
Judges only
In-house style sheet.
SOUTH CAROLINA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
SOUTH DAKOTA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook
Judges only
Internal memo follows the Harvard Bluebook but suggests variant
citation forms according to guidelines from West Publishing Company.
TENNESSEE SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, 27(h)
Judges only
No expectation.
Additional citation material
Laska, Tennessee Rules of Citation, 12 Memphis State U.L. Rev.
547 (1982).
TEXAS SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Texas Rules of Form. 5th ed. Austin: Texas Law Review, 1983.
53p.
Additional citation material
Greenhill, Uniform Citations for Briefs, 27 Texas B.J. 323
(1964).
Texas Law Review Manual on Style. 4th ed. Austin: Texas Law
Review, 1979. vi, 70p.
UTAH SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
VERMONT SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
VIRGINIA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
No expectation.
WASHINGTON SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook.
Richard F. Jones, Washington Reports Style Manual. 4th ed.
Olympia, WA: Supreme Court, 1982. 37p.
WEST VIRGINIA SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
Harvard Bluebook
WISCONSIN SUPREME COURT
Counsel and judges
"The Supreme Court has adopted the citation form in 'A Uniform
System of Citations,' published by the Harvard Law Review, for
all citations in opinions and orders of the Court. The one
exception to this is that citations to Wisconsin Statutes will
continue to be cited sec. 250.70, Stats., rather than the form
prescribed by the uniform system. Attorneys who file briefs or
memoranda with the Supreme Court are requested to follow the
same citation form."
Notice to Members of the Bar, 74 Wis. 2d xxxix (November 4,
1976).
Wisconsin Supreme Court Rule, 80.02 prescribes the form for
citing decisions of the Court of Appeals and Supreme Court
WYOMING SUPREME COURT
Counsel only
No expectation.
Judges only
Harvard Bluebook.
by John Doyle.
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