There are a number of issues of potential importance to law
catalogers to be discussed at the Midwinter meeting of MARBI in
Philadelphia in February.
One proposal (95-2) and two discussions papers (80 and 82) are
related to treatment of form/genre data. As followers of the SAC
initiatives know, the question of treatment of form subdivisions
in subject headings has been before MARBI for some time without
reaching a resolution. The substance of this winter's proposal is
essentially identical to the one discussed in Miami last summer
(i.e., add a $v to the 6xx (and other fields) to distinguish
form/genre strings from other topical strings in subject
headings). New work has been done to survey the utilities and
local systems vendors on their assessment of the proposed
changes; a report on the results of this survey will be made
available before the Philadelphia meeting. LC itself appears to
still be quite wary of the proposal, arguing that "further study
needs to be undertaken to determine the optimum method [of coding
form/genre data]."
Proposal 95-6 (reproduction linking) is now before MARBI. The
essentials of this proposal were discussed in Diane Hillman's
"MARC remarks" column in Technical Services Law Librarian (v. 20,
no. 1 Sept. 1994, p.8-10). Fundamentally the proposal represents
a new approach to cataloging multiple versions of the same work
in a single bibliographic record.
Discussion Paper 80 considers the feasibility of defining a
"component item entry field" in the bibliographic format. This
initiative emerged from the graphic material cataloging
community, but may have implications for libraries that wish to
code contents note data outside the traditional 505 field. The
discussion paper also considers means of linking component data
to external files (e.g., videodiscs and the like).
Proposal 95-1 discusses extensions to the 856 field to
accommodate linking non-Internet remote resources (e.g., dial
access computer systems).
Interested parties can retrieve copies of these papers from
MARVEL (telnet to marvel.loc.gov; login as "marvel"; hierarchy:
Libraries & Publishers/USMARC standards/MARBI proposals &
discussion papers). I am very interested in hearing any
comments/reactions from law librarians about items on the
Midwinter agenda.
In addition to issues currently before MARBI I would like to
survey the law library community about a change to the MARC
bibliographic format that we might consider recommending. This
change is described in the attached paper. I would greatly
appreciate any comments. It is probably not realistic to try to
submit this before the Midwinter meeting. Assuming that the law
library community thinks the initiative worth pursuing, I would
like to get a finished recommendation to LC as early in the
Spring as possible.
----------------------------------------------------------
Stuart Spore | Phone: 212-998-6333
Head of Cataloging & Automated | Fax: 212-998-6587
Systems | spore@acf2.nyu.edu
New York University Law Library |
40 Washington Sq. So. |
New York, N.Y. 10012 |
-----------------------------------------------------------
****
Improved coding for citation data in the MARC record.
This recommendation is an indirect response the ongoing debate on
legal citation. Fortunately the controversies swirling around
that debate need not concern us here. Nor does this initiative
depend on its resolution. If approved by MARBI, this initiative
will simply enable catalogers to more effectively and
consistently add citation data, whatever its source or format, to
bibliographic records. It should be emphasized that this proposal
will not commit the law library community or any law library to
begin adding citation data to its cataloging. It simply improves
the tools for doing so, should it be thought desirable.
Like most bibliographic data, citation data potentially has both
display and retrieval functions. The display function would
provide the catalog user with a helpful directive on how to cite
the work, thus saving the user the time and trouble neyed to
derive the cite from the Bluebook or other source.
The retrieval function (assuming that the library had citation
data indexed in some fashion), would enable a user to look up a
cite in the catalog without having to translate the cite into a
title proper or other traditionally indexed form. This would pay
off mostly in the case of uncommon cites or extensive cite
checking projects.
In some cases citation data might also serve a (secondary?)
collating function. For example, AACR2 successive entry
descriptions of serials sometimes split works which from the
legal citation point of view are one and consequently have the
same citation form. In such cases, a look up by cite would lead
to all bibliographic manifestations of the citation.
Presumably, law libraries would confine citation data to primary
materials, loose-leaf services, law reviews, and similar
material. Bluebook cites for treatises are largely
straightforward recastings of author, title, edition, and date of
publication data which is already easily accessible from the MARC
record.
The most persuasive argument against adding citation data to
bibliographic records is that doing so would require much extra
time and effort which many cataloging departments simply do not
have available. A related argument is that keeping citation notes
current and accurate would require a very significant maintenance
commitment.
The MARC bibliographic format currently contains a field for
citation notes (Field 524 "Preferred Citation of Described
Materials Note"). This field has been little used in law
cataloging. Law libraries that have chosen to add citation data
have typically used a general purpose note field (e.g., the 500
field) rather than the 524 field. From the point of view of
retrieval and display labeling the 524 field would be better,
being more explicit, but it lacks the structure needed to handle
citation data in a complete way. Two changes are needed to
address these problems: (1) making the 524 field repeatable and
(2) adding subfielding to the 524 field for source of citation
and materials specified.
Repeatability
The citation field needs to be repeatable because of the
possibility of competing citations for the same work. Many such
conflicts are conceivable, between legal and non-legal citation
forms or between foreign and American schemes, for instance.
Multiple citations are also necessary when a single bibliographic
record describes multiple works, each with its own cite or when a
single record describes multiple versions of a work, each with
its own cite (e.g., a record for a set of administrative
decisions and its online equivalents).
The emergence of "public domain" legal citation schemes and
electronic legal publishing may cause cases requiring multiple
citations to proliferate.
Source of cite
Currently 524 has no subfielding. The field lacks any structure
for coding anything apart from the bare citation. Consequently
there is no way to formally indicate the source of the cite
specified in the field. Because there are many citation schemes
in actual use and no reason to think that new ones will not come
into use in the future and because citation schemes change over
time, universal citation coding must explicitly indicate the
source of citation.
Competing citation forms (discussed above) make source tagging
imperative. Without a source, it will be impossible for users to
distinguish between multiple citations. Nor will it be possible
for the user to assess the currency of a citation.
Pragmatically catalogers will not always be in a position to
verify or translate citations into some ideal or up-to-date form.
For example, a library might choose to use Bieber's Dictionary of
legal citation to add cite notes for law reviews. Although the
Bieber cite is presumably identical to the Bluebook cite, it is
important to tag such cite notes with their actual origin,
including edition and date of publication data. Without this
information it will be impossible for users or librarians to make
any reasonable judgements about the actual status of a cite.
For these reasons, the proposal calls for adding a $b to the 524
field for source data. $b is meant to contain an explicit
statement about where the cite in $a came from.
Materials specified
Like subfield coding for source of citation, the 524 also lacks
means of specifying what the 524 field citation applies to. In
other words, at present the 524 citation implicitly applies to
the entire bibliographic record. Multiple version cataloging and
other considerations (discussed above) make this inadequate.
For these reasons, the proposal calls for adding a $3 to the 524
field for materials specified. $3 is meant to contain an explicit
statement about what the cite in $a applies to if not to the
entire bibliographic record.
Examples
#1
010 cn7880753
022 0 0702-9683
035 (OCoLC)17640966
040 CaOONL$bfre$cCaOONL$dDLC$dCaOONL
042 nlc$aisds/c
043 n-cn-qu
082 344.714/03$219
110 1 Qu_ebec (Province).$bCommission des affaires sociales.
222 0 D_ecisions de la Commission des affaires sociales
245 10 D_ecisions de la Commission des affaires sociales.
246 10 Tables cumulatives de concordance et de l'_egislation
cit_ee, 1975 `a 1982
246 10 Recueil de jurisprudence
260 Qu_ebec :$b_Editeur officiel du Qu_ebec,$c1976-[1993?]
300 v. ;$c24 cm.
362 0 1975-
362 1 Ne para^it plus apr`es fasc. 3 (1992).
500 "Recueil de jurisprudence".
515 La num_erotation des livr. de 1976-1985 reprend `a chaque
ann_ee avec le v. 1, celle des livr. de 1986- , avec le
fasc. 1.
524 C.A.S.$bGuide to legal citations (2nd. ed. 1988)
550 Publi_e: 1975? par, Bureau des arr_etistes, Service de
documentation juridique inc. ; 1976?- par, Soci_et_e
qu_eb_ecoise d'information juridique.
555 Index publi_e en 1984? sous le titre: Tables cumulatives
de concordance et de l_egislation cit_ee, 1975 `a 1982.
650 0 Public welfare$xLaw and legislation$zQu_ebec
(Province)$xCases.
650 6 Aide sociale$xDroit$zQu_ebec (Province)$xJurisprudence.
710 10 Qu_ebec (Province).$bService de documentation juridique
inc.$bBureau des arr_etistes.
710 20 Soci_et_e qu_eb_ecoise d'information juridique.
Comment:
Citation from the most recent Canadian Guide to legal
citations.
#2
001 NYUL92-S542
008 921001d19921993ctuqn p 0 $ 0eng dnasua
022 1066-8411
040 MBS$cNIC$dCStRLIN$dNNU-L
043 n-us-ct
245 00 Bridgeport law review
260 Bridgeport, Conn. :$bBridgeport Law Review
Association,$cc1992-
300 v. ;$c26 cm
310 4 issues yearly
362 0 Vol. 12, no. 2 (winter 1992)-v. 13, no. 4 (summer 1993)
524 Bridgeport L. Rev.$bUniform System of Citation (15th ed.,
1991)
550 Issued by: Bridgeport School of Law at Quinnipiac College
650 0 Law reviews$zConnecticut
710 20 Bridgeport School of Law at Quinnipiac College
780 00 $tUniversity of Bridgeport law review
785 10 $tQLR
Comment:
Straightforward citation from the current edition of the
Bluebook.
#3
001 NYUL84-B783
008 840322s1980 nyu 00110 eng am a
010 80000170
020 0882770020
040 $dMiU-L$dNNU-L
043 n-us---
050 0 KF1250$b.M67 1980
100 10 Morris, Clarence,$d1903-
245 10 Morris on torts /$cby Clarence Morris and C. Robert
Morris, Jr
250 2nd ed
260 0 Mineola, N.Y. :$bFoundation Press,$c1980
300 xiv, 443 p. ;$c26 cm
440 0 University textbook series
500 Includes index
524 C. Morris, Morris on Torts (2nd ed. 1980)$bUniform System
of Citation (13th ed., 1980)
650 0 Torts$zUnited States
700 10 Morris, C. Robert,$d1928-
Comment:
Citation is from an older edition of the Bluebook. Note that
in this case a citation from the current edition would be
different (viz, the author's first name would be spelled
out).
#4
001 3095256
008 770706m18791894sdu 000 0 eng camI
010 32019830
040 DLC$cFUB$dBHS$dOCL
043 n-us-nd$an-us-sd
090 KFN8630$b.A2
099 KA-D2$a6
110 1 Dakota.$bSupreme court
245 10 Reports of cases argued and determined in the Supreme
court of the territory of Dakota :$bfrom its organization to
[October, 1889]
260 Yankton, Dakota :$bBowen and Kingsbury,$c1879-94
300 6 v. ;$c23 cm.
500 Title varies: v. 1-4, Reports of cases argued and
determined in the Supreme court of the territory of Dakota.
vol. 5, Reports of cases determined in the Supreme court of
Dakota territory. vol 6, Reports of cases decided in the
Supreme court of the territory of Dakota
500 Imprint varies: v.1-2, Yankton, Dakota, Bowen and
Kingsbury, 1879-82; v. 3, Yankton, Dakota, L. E. Cavalier,
1886; v. 4, Pierre, Carter publishing company, 1894; v. 5,
St. Paul, Minn., West publishing company, 1889; v. 6,
Chicago, E. B. Myers and company, 1891
500 Reporters: v. 1, G. G. Bennett -- v. 2-4, E. G. Smith --
v. 5-6, R.B. Tripp
500 On cover: Dakota reports
524 Dakota$bUniform System of Citation (15th ed. 1991)
610 10 Dakota.$bSupreme court
650 0 Law reports, digests, etc.$zDakota
700 11 Bennett, Granville Gaylord,$d1833-1910
700 11 Smith, Ellison Griffith,$d1854-
700 11 Tripp, Robert B
740 01 Dakota reports
Comment:
Citation from current edition of the Bluebook.
#5
001 NYUL94-S412
008 940722c19679999iluuu p l 0uuua0eng dnasua
040 MH-L$cMH-L$dNNU-L
043 n-us-il
090 $bKA-I3 31S5
245 00 Illinois legislative service
260 Chicago, Ill. :$bBurdette Smith Co.,$cc1967-
300 v. ;$c24 cm [ [5i
362 0 1967, no. 1-
500 Published: St. Paul, Minn. : West Pub. Co., <1969->
statutes."
500 "The materials contained in the pamphlets will be
incorporated in the cumulative pocket supplements for
Smith-Hurd Illinois annotated statutes."
524 Ill. Legis. Serv. (West)$bBieber's Dictionary of Legal
Citation (4th ed. 1992)
650 0 Law$zIllinois$xPeriodicals
710 20 Burdette Smith Company
710 20 West Publishing Company
730 01 Smith-Hurd Illinois annotated statutes
Comment:
Citation is from current edition of Bieber.
#6
001 NYUL84-B2006
008 840725s1984 mau 00110 eng dcam a
010 83082693
020 0316322997
040 CLL$cCLL$dNNU-L
043 n-us-il
090 $bKM5-I3 C53 H2 1984
100 10 Cleary, Edward W.
240 10 Handbook of Illinois evidence
245 10 Cleary & Graham's Handbook of Illinois evidence
250 4th ed. /$bMichael H. Graham
260 0 Boston :$bLittle, Brown,$cc1984
300 xlii, 768 p. ;$c24 cm
500 First-3rd eds. have title: Handbook of Illinois evidence
500 Includes index
500 Kept to date by pocket parts
524 Cleary & Graham's Handbook of Illinois Evidence (4th ed.
1984)$bPublisher
650 0 Evidence (Law)$zIllinois
700 10 Graham, Michael H
Comment:
Source of the citation is the publisher of the work cited.
Legal publishers sometimes print a citation statement on the
work. Typically these appear just after or before the title
page and are often prefixed by the phrase "Cite as...." or
the equivalent.
#7
001 NYUL93-S468
008 930917d19381988mnuwr1p w 0 $a0eng casua
12 ?????
022 0 8750-2631
040
$cNjUPM$dNSDP$dDLC$dOCoLC$dDLC$dNSDP$dCStRLIN$dCSfGGL$dNNU-L
043 n-use--$an-usl--
050 0 KF135.A7$bA812
090 $bKA- 6A2
222 0 Atlantic reporter. Second series
19 ??????
260 St. Paul, Minn. :$bWest Pub. Co.,$c1939-1988
300 531 v. ;$c26 cm
310 Weekly, with bound cumulations
362 0 Vol. 1 (Sept.-Nov., 1938)-v. 531 ([1988])
440 0 National reporter system.$pState series
500 "Cases argued and determined in the courts of
Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont." (varies)
524 A.2d.$bUniform System of Citation (15th ed. 1991)
580 Citations to all cases reported are compiled in:
Shepard's Atlantic reporter citations
650 0 Law reports, digests, etc.$zAtlantic States
710 20 West Publishing Company
730 1 Shepard's Atlantic reporter citations
780 00 $tAtlantic reporter
785 00 $tWest's Atlantic reporter, second series
787 1 $tShepard's Atlantic reporter citations$x0730-2053
Comment
This citation and the next illustrate the collation by
citation.
#8
001 NYUL93-S470
008 930917c19889999mnuwr1 w 0 $a0eng dcasua
010 90655067
022 0 1048-3810
040
Mi$cMi$dNSDP$dDLC$dNST$dOColC$dNST$dDLC$dNST$dCStRLIN$dNNU-L
043 n-use--$an-usl--
050 0 KF135.A7$bA812
090 $bKA- 6A2
222 0 West's Atlantic reporter
245 00 West's Atlantic reporter, second series
246 18 Atlantic reporter, second series
21 ????????
300 v. ;$c27 cm
310 Weekly, with bound cumulations
362 0 2nd ser., v. 532 A.2d-
440 0 National reporter system.$pState series
500 "Cases argued and determined in the courts of
Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine,
Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, Vermont."
500 "West key number system."
524 A.2d$bUniform System of Citation (15th ed. 1991)
650 0 Law reports, digests, etc.$zAtlantic States
710 20 West Publishing Company
780 00 $tAtlantic reporter, second series$x8750-2631
#9
ID:NYUL95-B22 RTYP:c ST:p FRN: MS: EL:u
AD:01-03-95
CC:9114 BLT:am DCF:a CSC:d MOD: SNR: ATC:
040 NNU-L$cNNU-L
043 e-gw---
100 1 Lorz, Albert.
245 10 Bundesjagdgesetz :$bmit Landesrecht, Verordnung _uber die
Jagdzeiten und Bundeswildschutzverordnung
Fischereischeinrecht Seefischereirecht /$cvon Albert Lorz.
260 M_unchen :$bBeck,$c1991
300 xv, 293 p. ;$c19 cm.
440 0 Beck'sche Kurz-Kommentare :$vBd. 38
504 Includes bibliographical references and index.
524 $3Bundesjagdgesetz|aBJagdG$bPublisher
524 $3Bundeswildschutzverordunung$aBWildSchV$bPublisher
650 0 Game-laws$zGermany (West)
650 0 Wildlife conservation$xLaw and legislation$zGermany
(West)
650 0 Fishery law and legislation$zGermany (West)
710 12 Germany (West)$tBundesjagdgesetz.$f1980.
710 12 Germany (West)$tFischereischeingesetz.$f1980.
Comment:
Example of work with mutliple cites.
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