Fifth International Conference on ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE and LAW
May 21-24, 1995
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
Sponsored by:
*International Association for Artificial Intelligence and Law (IAAIL)
*University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS)
*National Center for Automated Information Research (NCAIR)
In cooperation with ACM SIGART and AAAI.
The field of AI and Law employs Artificial Intelligence techniques to
study fundamental mechanisms of legal reasoning and to develop
practical computer applications for the legal profession. It also
seeks to address some of AI's basic theoretical issues through the
study of legal domains and tasks. Previous meetings of the
International Conference have taken place in Boston (1987), Vancouver
(1989), Oxford (1991) and Amsterdam (1993). ICAIL-95 will be held at
the Inn and Conference Center at the University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland, USA.
The ICAIL-95 technical program includes 3 invited talks, 4 tutorials
and the presentation of 35 research papers. Highlights include an
address by Robert A. Kowalski (Professor of Computational Logic,
Imperial College, London) on the topic: "What Computer Science Can
Learn from Law". The Conference Banquet will feature a talk by Bruce
G. Buchanan (Professor of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh)
and Thomas E. Headrick (Professor of Law, State University of New York
at Buffalo) reflecting on their 1970 article in the Stanford Law
Review: "Some Speculation About Artificial Intelligence and Legal
Reasoning".
On Monday evening, there will be a special symposium and reception in
the District of Columbia to allow ICAIL'95 participants to meet and
interact with prominent members of the Washington legal and
governmental community. The featured event will be an address by
Peter W. Martin, Professor of Law at Cornell University and Director
of the Cornell Legal Information Institute, on "The Future of Legal
Information Systems", with commentary by a panel of ICAIL'95
participants representing a broad international perspective on the
applications of AI to law. The symposium will be followed by a
catered reception. Bus transportation between College Park and the
District of Columbia will be provided.
This special event is sponsored by the National Center for Automated
Information Research (NCAIR), a foundation that supports innovative
applications of technology in the legal profession.
Registration and Hotel Reservation Forms are included at the end of
this message. For additional information, please contact either the
Conference Chair, L. Thorne McCarty (mccarty@cs.rutgers.edu), or the
Secretary-Treasurer, Carole D. Hafner (hafner@ccs.neu.edu).
Individuals or organizations who wish to demonstrate systems or
software at the conference should contact the Local Arrangements
Chair, John F. Horty, Jr. (horty@umiacs.umd.edu).
NOTE: THE DEADLINE FOR EARLY REGISTRATION IS APRIL 24.
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CONFERENCE PROGRAM
Sunday, May 21
8.30 Registration
9.00-1.00:
Tutorial AM1. "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Law"
Tutorial AM2. "Using Logic for Knowledge Representation in Legal
Knowledge-Based Systems"
2.00-6.00:
Tutorial PM1 "Text Retrieval in the Legal World"
Tutorial PM2 "Deontic Logic and its Applications"
6.00-7.30: Wine and Cheese Reception
Monday, May 22
8.30 Registration
9.00 Opening Remarks
9.10 Session I - Argumentation I. Chair: Trevor Bench-Capon.
9.10 On the Relation Between Legal Language and Legal Argument,
Henry Prakken (Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
and Giovanni Sartor (IDG, Florence, Italy)
9.40 Teleological Reasoning in Reason Based Logic,
Jaap Hage (University of Limburg, Maastrich, The Netherlands)
10.10 Hart's Critics on Defeasible Concepts and Ascriptivism,
Ron Loui (Washington University, St Louis, USA)
10.40 Coffee
11.00 Session II - Case Based Reasoning. Chair: Karl Branting.
11.00 Doing Things with Factors,
Vincent Aleven and Kevin D. Ashley (University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, USA)
11.30 Understanding Precedents in a Temporal Context of Evolving
Doctrine,
Donald H. Berman and Carole D. Hafner (Northeastern
University, Boston, USA)
12.00 A Hybrid CBR-IR Approach to Legal Information Retrieval,
Edwina L. Rissland and Jody J. Daniels (University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, USA)
12.30 Lunch
13.30 Session III - Document Preparation. Chair: Ejan Mackaay.
13.30 A Constraint Driven System for Contract Assembly,
Aspassia Daskalopulu and Marek Sergot (Imperial College,
London, UK)
14.00 An Intelligent Interface for Legal Databases,
L.J. Matthijssen (Tilburg University, the Netherlands)
14.30 PLAID: Proactive Legal Assistance,
T.J.M. Bench-Capon and G. Staniford (University of Liverpool,
UK)
15.00 Tea
15.30 Session IV - Information Retrieval. Chair: Kevin Ashley.
15.30 Decision Support for Sentencing in a Common Law Jurisdiction,
N. Hutton, A. Patterson, C. Tata and J. Wilson (University of
Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK)
16.00 Making Way for Intelligence in Case Space,
Philip Greenspun (Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, USA) and Marc Lauritsen (Harvard Law School,
Cambridge, USA)
17.00 Buses Depart for District of Columbia
18.00 NCAIR Symposium and Reception
Topic: The Future of Legal Information Systems
Speaker: Peter W. Martin
Professor of Law and
Director, Legal Information Institute
Cornell University
Panel: Trevor Bench-Capon (University of Liverpool, UK),
Graham Greenleaf (University of New South Wales,
Australia), Ejan Mackaay (University of Montreal,
Canada), Edwina Rissland (University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, USA)
Tuesday, May 23
9.00 Invited Talk: What Computer Science Can Learn from Law
Robert A. Kowalski
Professor of Computational Logic
Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine
University of London
10.00 Session V - Legislative Drafting. Chair: Layman Allen.
10.00 Enhancing Data Quality Using Legal KBS,
Jorgen Svensson (Twente University, Enschede, The Netherlands)
10.30 Automated Legal Drafting: Generating Paraphrases of Legislation,
Radboud Winkels and Nienke den Haan (University of Amsterdam,
the Netherlands)
11.00 Coffee.
11.30 Session VI - Legal Concepts. Chair: Don Berman.
11.30 Information Filtering: The Computation of Similarities in Large
Corpora,
Erich Scweighofer, Werner Winiwarter (University of Vienna,
Austria), and Dieter Merkl (Vienna University of Technology,
Austria)
12.00 Detecting Change in Legal Concepts,
Edwina L. Rissland and M. Timur Friedman, (University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, USA)
12.30 IAAIL Business Meeting
13.00 Lunch
14.00 Session VII - Argumentation II. Chair: Tom Gordon.
14.00 A Computational Framework for Dialectical Reasoning,
Pierre St-Vincent, Daniel Poulin and Paul Bratley (Universite
de Montreal, Canada)
14.30 Dialaw: A Dialogical Framework for Modelling Legal Reasoning,
Arno R. Lodder (University of Limburg, Maastrich, the
Netherlands) and Aimee Herczog (University of Nijmegen, the
Netherlands)
15.00 Burden of Proof in Legal Argumentation,
Kathleen Freeman and Arthur M. Farley (University of Oregon,
Eugene, USA)
15.30 From Logic to Dialectics in Legal Argument,
Henry Prakken (Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
16.00 Tea
16.30 Session VIII - ANNs, GAs and Fuzzy Logic. Chair: Henry Prakken.
16.30 Using Genetic Algorithms to Inductively Reason with Cases in the
Legal Domain,
Anandeep S Pannu (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA).
17.00 The Split-Up System: Using NNs and Rule Based Reasoning in Legal
Domains,
John Zeleznikow and Andrew Stranieri (La Trobe University,
Australia)
17.30 Just Decisions Using Multiple Criteria,
Lothar Philipps (Universitat Munchen, Germany)
19.00 Banquet
Invited Talk: Some Speculation About Artificial Intelligence and
Legal Reasoning (25 Years Later)
Bruce G. Buchanan
University Professor
Departments of Computer Science, Philosophy, and Medicine
University of Pittsburgh
Thomas E. Headrick
Professor of Law and
Distinguished Service Professor
State University of New York at Buffalo
Wednesday, May 24
9.00 Session IX - Normative Rasoning. Chair: Andrew Jones.
9.00 Solving Normative Conflicts by Merging Roles,
Laurence Cholvy and Frederic Cuppens (ONERA-CERT, Toulouse
France)
9.30 Obligations Directed from Bearers to Counterparties,
Henning Herrestad and Christen Krogh (Institutt for
Rettsinformatikk, Oslo, Norway)
10.00 Better Language, Better Thought, Better Communication,
Layman E. Allen and Charles A. Saxon (University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, USA)
10.30 Coffee
10.50 Session X - Legal KBS. Chair: Edwina Rissland.
10.50 Intelligent Computer Systems for Criminal Sentencing,
Uri J. Schild (Bar-Ilan University, Israel)
11.20 Reconstruction Before Assessment,
Henk de Bruijn and Radboud Winkels (University of Amsterdam,
the Netherlands)
11.50 A Hybrid Representation Approach to Reusability of Legal KBS,
Ulrich Reimer and Andreas Margelisch (Swiss Life, Information
Systems Research Group, Zurich, Switzerland)
12.20 MILIEU: A LKBS to Support Prosecution of Environmental Offenders,
Cees Groendijk and Maaike Tragter (Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
12.50 Lunch
14.00 Session XI - Knowledge Representation. Chair: Gerald Quirchmayr.
14.00 The Systematization of Legal Meta-Inference,
Hajime Yoshino (Meiji Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan)
14.30 An Implementation of Eisner v. Macomber,
L. Thorne McCarty (Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA)
15.00 New HELIC-II: A Software Tool for Legal Reasoning,
Katsumi Nitta, Masato Shibasaki, Tsuyoshi Sakata, Takahiro
Yamaji, Wang Xianchang, Hiroshi Ohsaki (JIPDEC), Satoshi Tojo
(MRI), Iwao Kokubo and Takayuki Suzuki, (Institute for New
Generation Computer Technology, Tokyo, Japan)
15.30 Tea
16.00 Session XII - Chair: Giovanni Sartor.
16.00 Automatically Processing Amendments to Legislation,
Timothy Arnold-Moore (Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology,
Australia)
16.30 ON-LINE: An Architecture for Modeling Legal Information,
Andre Valente and Joost Breuker (University of Amsterdam, the
Netherlands)
17.00 Context Sensitive Case Questions in Practical Ethics,
Bruce M McLaren and Kevin D Ashley (University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, USA)
17.30 Close
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TUTORIALS
Tutorial AM1. "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Law"
by Donald H. Berman and Kevin D. Ashley
This tutorial introduces the growing field of Artificial Intelligence
Research in Law, a field where researchers build computer programs
that can perform legal reasoning or assist attorneys to solve legal
problems. In so doing, they tackle important philosophical questions,
such as what do legal rules and cases mean and how to separate "hard"
from "easy" legal issues. The answers they seek, however, are not
philosophical answers but scientific ones; their programs model real
legal tasks, can be evaluated on a wide range of concrete examples,
and sometimes lead to practical software applications for law practice
and teaching.
We survey the principal methods for computationally modeling legal
decision making: direct representation of legal rules, rule-based
expert systems, "Deep Structure" models, conceptual information
retrieval, case-based and analogical models, and learning from
examples. For each method, we describe representative programs and
work through illustrative examples. We demonstrate how the disciplines
of Law and AI complement each other practically and intellectually:
Law provides AI with unique opportunities to study cognitive phenomena
like argumentation, analogy, and open texture while AI changes the way
we "do", think about, and teach Law. The tutorial will provide an
intellectual foundation for newcomers to the field, whether their
experience is primarily in AI or in Law, as well as a
thought-provoking reappraisal for the experienced practitioner.
Professor Donald H. Berman, Richardson Professor of Law, Northeastern
University School of Law, is a Co-Director of the Northeastern
University Center for Law and Computer Science and Co-editor of
Artificial Intelligence and Law: An International Journal. A scholar
and teacher of Artificial Intelligence and Law, he has been a member
of the program committees for all five International Conferences on
Artificial Intelligence.
Dr. Kevin Ashley holds interdisciplinary appointments as a Co-Director
of the Graduate Program in Intelligent Systems at the University of
Pittsburgh, a Research Scientist at the Learning Research and
Development Center, an Associate Professor of Law, and Adjunct
Associate Professor of Computer Science. For his Ph.D. dissertation,
he developed the HYPO program which models case-base legal argument;
MIT Press / Bradford Books published his book about HYPO entitled
Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals. In
April, 1990, the National Science Foundation selected Professor Ashley
as a Presidential Young Investigator.
Tutorial AM2: "Using Logic for Knowledge Representation in Legal Knowledge
Based Systems"
by Trevor Bench-Capon and Marek Sergot
This tutorial examines the approaches to legal knowledge based systems
which have used logic as the basis of their knowledge representation.
It will discuss the strengths and limitations of the approach, and
highlight the problems that have arisen and how these have been
addressed. Topics will include:
formalisation of legislation in executable logic
extending a formalisation to include other knowledge sources
meta-interpretation; hierarchical and "isomorphic" formalisations
conflicting norms
the treatment of open texture
terminological logics
the representation of time
the representation of norms with deontic logics
The tutorial is aimed at those who have some familiarity with the
field of AI and Law, but who are interested in finding out more about
logic based approaches.
Trevor Bench-Capon is a Senior Lecturer at the University of
Liverpool. He has published a book on knowledge representation, and
numerous papers on knowledge representation in legal KBS.
Marek Sergot is a Lecturer in the Department of Computing at Imperial
College, London. He has been a pioneering researcher in the use of
logic and logic programming techniques for the representation of law
since about 1980. He was Programme Chair of the Third International
Conference on AI and Law, Oxford, 1991, and is currently President of
the International Association for AI and Law.
Tutorial PM1: "Text Retrieval in the Legal World"
by Howard Turtle
The objective of this tutorial is to provide an introduction to the
field of text retrieval and a review of the application of text
retrieval techniques in the legal domain. The tutorial is intended
for an audience with a wide range of computer science expertise. Much
of the material should be accessible to a computer literate
practitioner, although a technical background would be helpful for
some of the details.
The tutorial will give an overview of the most important aspects of
text retrieval systems, including the representation of document and
query text, techniques for inferring relationships between
representations, and techniques for evaluating system performance. We
will then survey the main theoretical models in current use and
discuss trends in information retrieval (IR) with emphasis on the
integration of AI techniques with the mathematical techniques common
in traditional IR models. We will conclude with a review of current
research in legal text retrieval and a discussion of open research
issues.
Howard Turtle is Principal Research Scientist at West Publishing
Company. Dr. Turtle received his Ph.D. in computer science (1991) from
the University of Massachusetts. Previously, he was a Research
Scientist at Battelle Columbus Laboratories and was Chief Scientist at
OCLC Online Computer Library Center in Dublin, Ohio. Since 1990,
Dr. Turtle has directed Computer Science research at West aimed at
improving access to large collections of legal materials. His
research forms the basis of WIN, West's natural language search
system.
Tutorial PM2: "Deontic Logic and its Applications"
by Andrew J.I. Jones and Marek J. Sergot
This tutorial will provide a critical introduction to some of the best
known systems of deontic logic, and to indicate the potential scope of
application of deontic logic in the specification of norm-governed
systems. Topics to be covered include:
(i) a critical overview of the approach taken in Standard Deontic
Logic (SDL) to the representation of sentences expressing
obligations and permissions,
(ii) an overview of the kinds of strategies which have been
proposed for dealing with the inadequacies of SDL,
(iii) an introduction to the theory of normative positions, which
attempts, in part, to give a formal representation of
Hohfeld's fundamental legal conceptions,
(iv) an indication of the way the theory of normative positions
may be applied to the task of specifying requirements for the
design of norm-governed organisations,
(v) an overview of other potential applications of deontic logic
in Computer Science.
The tutorial is designed for participants who have at least a minimal
knowledge of the language of elementary propositional (sentential)
logic, and who seek sufficient familiarity with deontic logic to be
able to follow current trends in those areas of AI and Law, and the
theory of normative systems, to which deontic logic has been applied.
Andrew J I Jones is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oslo,
Norway and a member of the Norwegian Research Centre for Computers and
Law. He has many publications in deontic logic in international
journals, and was Programme Chair (with Marek Sergot) of the Second
International Workshop on Deontic Logic in Computer Science, Oslo,
Norway, January 1994.
Marek Sergot is a Lecturer in the Department of Computing at Imperial
College, London. He has been a pioneering researcher in the use of
logic and logic programming techniques for the representation of law
since about 1980. He was Programme Chair of the Third International
Conference on AI and Law, Oxford, 1991, and is currently President of
the International Association for AI and Law.
***************************************************************************
REGISTRATION INFORMATION
NAME_______________________________________ Send by April 24 to:
Address____________________________________ Johanna Weinstein
___________________________________________ UMIACS - University of Maryland
___________________________________________ College Park, MD 20742 USA
E-mail_____________________________________ Tel (301)405-6722
Telephone______________ FAX_______________ FAX (301) 314-9658
Affiliation (for badge)____________________ E-mail: johanna@umiacs.umd.edu
Payment must accompany registration form. All checks must be in U.S. dollars
and payable to "UMIACS -- ICAIL-95".
Before After
April 24, 1995 April 24, 1995
______Registration Fee, Non-members $195 $230
______Registration Fee, IAAIL members* $180 $215
______Registration Fee, Full time students $125 $145
______Morning Tutorial ($60) Check One: ___ AM1 ___ AM2
______Afternoon Tutorial ($60) Check One: ___ PM1 ___ PM2
______Banquet Tickets ($35 each) Number of Tickets:____
______Registration Fee, One Day only ($95) (includes Proceedings but not
Monday evening Special Event)
_____ IAAIL Membership** (Regular: $60, Reduced: $25, Full time student: $35)
*1995 Membership Dues must be included in order to register at member
rate. Dues may be included with the Conference Fee or may be made by
separate check payable to IAAIL. ACM members may also register for ICAIL-95
at the member rate by providing their ACM Membership Number.
** Regular or student membership includes Vol. 3 of the Artificial
Intelligence and Law journal.
AMOUNT ENCLOSED___________________
METHOD OF PAYMENT
___ Check in U.S. Dollars
--- Visa or Mastercard
Credit Card No.______________________ Exp. date__________________
Signature____________________________
***************************************************************************
HOUSING INFORMATION
The Conference facility is the Inn and Conference Center at the
University of Maryland. Rates are $69 single or $84 double plus tax.***
To make a reservation at the Inn and Conference Center, please use the
form below, and send it by April 24, 1995, to:
Reservations, Group Number G3256
The Inn and Conference Center
University of Maryland, University College
College Park, MD 20742, USA
Tel: (301) 985-7300, Fax: (301) 985-7850.
Rooms are also available at the Quality Inn (nearby) for $44. For
reservations call (301) 864-5820. Please ask for University of
Maryland rates.
HOTEL RESERVATION FORM
ICAIL-95
May 21-24, 1995
The Inn and Conference Center
University of Maryland, University College
NAME_______________________________________ Arrival:__________________
Address____________________________________ Departure:________________
___________________________________________ __ $69, Single Occupancy
___________________________________________ __ $84, Double Occupancy
Telephone______________FAX_________________ __ Smoking, or __ Not
AMOUNT ENCLOSED___________________
METHOD OF PAYMENT
__Check in U.S. Dollars
__Visa __Mastercard __American Express __Diners Club
Credit card number______________________
Expiration date_________________________
Signature_______________________________
*** Rates are per room per night. All rates are subject to a 5%
occupancy tax. All reservations must be accompanied by a deposit of
one night's room rate plus tax, or a credit card guarantee.
Guaranteed reservations will be held until 6:00 AM the following day.
Reservations not canceled prior to 6:00 PM on the arrival day will be
charged one night's room rate plus tax.
************************************************************************
TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION
DIRECTIONS TO UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE INN AND CONFERENCE CENTER
>From National (DCA) Airport:
By Car:
Upon leaving the airport, follow the signs to Washington, D.C., using
the George Washington Parkway. Stay on the parkway until you see the
I-495 Rockville exit. Follow 495 until you get to the New Hampshire
Avenue exit. Take the New Hampshire/Takoma Park exit. Stay on New
Hampshire Avenue and make a left at the second light onto Adelphi
Road. Drive approximately three miles on Adelphi Road through two
traffic lights. At the third light, make a left turn onto University
Boulevard and an immediate right into the parking garage. The
building is marked University College Center of Adult Education.
By Taxi:
The charge for a taxi ride from National Airport to College Park is
about $30-$32.
By Shuttle Van Service:
BDN Airport Shuttle Service provides direct service from National
Airport to the Inn and Conference Center. The ride takes
approximately 35 minutes and costs $15. Call 301-277-4185 or
1-800-824-1561 24 hours in advance to make a reservation.
By Metro:
It is possible, but not very convenient, to arrive by metro. Follow
ground transportation signs to the free airport shuttle which takes
you from the terminal to the metro station. Take the yellow metro
line from National Airport to Gallery Place. Change at Gallery Place
to the red line going towards Wheaton. Change again at Fort Totten to
the green line going towards Greenbelt and get off in College Park.
Since ICAIL-95 is after the end of the spring semester, there is no
shuttle bus to campus. It is quite a long walk from the metro to the
conference center (about 20-30 minutes).
>From Baltimore-Washington International (BWI) Airport:
By Car:
Upon exiting the airport, follow signs for I-95 (toward Washington).
I-95 will take you to 95 South. Follow 95 South approximately 30
miles. Stay on 95 South until you get to the Route 1 South/College
Park exit (Exit 25B). Follow Route 1 to the first exit for the
University of Maryland (Systems Administration). Take this exit
(Route 193) which immediately becomes University Boulevard. Keep on
University Boulevard and go through two traffic lights. At the third
light (intersection of University Boulevard and Adelphi Road) make a
U-turn and an immediate right into the parking garage. The building
is marked University College Center of Adult Education.
By Taxi:
The charge for a taxi ride from BWI to College Park is about $38-$42.
By Shuttle Van Service:
BDN Airport Shuttle Service provides direct service from BWI Airport
to the Inn and Conference Center. The ride takes approximately 30
minutes and costs $20. Call 301-277-4185 or 1-800-824-1561 24 hours
in advance to make a reservation.
BWI Airport Connection also provides direct service from BWI Airport
to the Inn and Conference Center. The fare is $18 per person or $26
for two people. Call 301-441-2345 or 1-800-284-6066 24 hours in
advance to make a reservation.
>From Dulles (IAD) Airport:
By Car:
Upon leaving the airport, follow the signs towards Washington, D.C.,
until you see the signs for I-495. Take the exit towards Rockville.
Follow 495 until you get to the exit for New Hampshire Avenue. Take
the New Hampshire/Takoma Park exit. Stay on New Hampshire Avenue and
make a left at the second light onto Adelphi Road. Drive
approximately three miles on Adelphi Road through two traffic ligths.
At the third light, make a left turn onto University Boulevard and an
immediate right into the parking garage. The building is marked
University College Center of Adult Education.
By Taxi:
The charge for a taxi ride from Dulles Airport to College Park is
about $55-$60.
By Shuttle Van Service:
BDN Airport Shuttle Service provides direct service from Dulles
Airport to the Inn and Conference Center. The ride takes
approximately one hour and costs $30. Call 301-277-4185 or
1-800-824-1561 24 hours in advance to make a reservation.
The Washington Flyer shuttle bus leaves Dulles Airport for
downtown Washington, D.C. every 30 minutes at 20 and 50 minutes
past the hour until 10:30 p.m. The cost is $16 one way or $26
round trip. Call 703-685-1400 for recorded information.
>From D.C., take the red metro line from the Farragut North metro
station to College Park, see above.
************************************************************************
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
Conference Chair: Local Arrangements: Secretary-Treasurer:
L. Thorne McCarty John F. Horty, Jr. Carole D. Hafner
mccarty@cs.rutgers.edu horty@umiacs.umd.edu hafner@ccs.neu.edu
Program Chair: Trevor Bench-Capon, University of Liverpool, UK
Program Committee:
Layman Allen, University of Michigan, USA
Kevin Ashley, University of Pittsburgh, USA
Donald Berman, Northeastern University, USA
Karl Branting, University of Wyoming, USA
Thomas Gordon, GMD, Sankt Augustin, Germany
Andrew Jones, University of Oslo, Norway
Ejan Mackaay, University of Montreal, Canada
Gerald Quirchmayr, University of Vienna, Austria
Henry Prakken, Free University, Amsterdam, NL
Edwina Rissland, University of Massachusetts, USA
Giovanni Sartor, IDG, Florence, Italy
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